Porters Five Forces

Model/framework

The threat of substitute products

The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases (high elasticity of demand).

* buyer propensity to substitute

* relative price performance of substitutes

* buyer switching costs

* perceived level of product differentiation

The threat of the entry of new competitors

Profitable markets that yield high returns will draw firms. The results is many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. Unless the entry of new firms can be blocked by incumbents, the profit rate will fall towards a competitive level (perfect competition).

* the existence of barriers to entry (patents, rights, etc.)

* economies of product differences

* brand equity

* switching costs or sunk costs

* capital requirements

* access to distribution

* absolute cost advantages

* learning curve advantages

* expected retaliation by incumbents

* government policies

The intensity of competitive rivalry

For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Sometimes rivals compete aggressively and sometimes rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc.

* number of competitors

* rate of industry growth

* intermittent industry overcapacity

* exit barriers

* diversity of competitors

* informational complexity and asymmetry

* fixed cost allocation per value added

* level of advertising expense

* Economies of scale

* Sustainable competitive advantage through improvisation

The bargaining power of customers

Also described as the market of outputs. The ability