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Biology Exam Notes

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Biology

The cell: prokaryotes & eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: small, basic cell, free floating mess called nucleoid= bacteria

Eukaryotes: advanced, larger cell, bound membrane organelles= plant/animal cells

1= cell: heart muscle cell

2= tissue: heart muscle tissue

3= organs: heart

4= organ systems: circulatory system

5= organism: deer

Tissue: a group of specialized cells that work together to help perform a specific function= nerve tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue

Organs: a group of specialized tissue that work together to perform a specific function=stomach, heart, lung

Organ system: a group of one or more organs/structure, which work together to function a major body part=digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system

Stem cell: Cells that can develop into different types of cells. Controlled by the part of its DNA that is switched on. Embryonic stem cells: can differentiate into any kind of cells. Tissue stem cells: exist within specialized cells.

Specialized cell: help perform a specific function

Cell wall: protects the cell organelles

Nucleus: structure that contains DNA and directs the cell

Vacuole: stores waste, nutrients, water

Mitochondria: structure that converts nutrients into energy

Golgi bodies: stores and packages cellular products

Cell membrane: a membrane that surround and protects the cells

Centrioles: structure that organizes the emotion of chromosomes

Interphase: 1 gap, synthesis, gap 2

Prophase: The centrioles move to the each end of the cell. Chromosomes get bigger

Metaphase: when the chromosomes gets released from the nucleus and lines up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase: When centriole pulls apart the chromosomes by spindle fibers and creates a daughter

Telophase: Daughter of chromatids goes to each end of the cell and a nuclear membrane begins to form.

Malignant tumor= a process of a cancerous cell traveling through the body to settle in a new location

Benign tumor= a growth that interferes within the function of neighboring cells and tissues. Can destroy surrounding tissues

Metastasis = a growth with no serious effects surrounding the tissues except cells.

Digestive system:

Esophagus: a muscular tube

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