Presentation Outline on Multiple Sclerosis
Presentation Outline on Multiple Sclerosis
Outline
Multiple Sclerosis:
Definition: Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The exact antigen — or target that the immune cells are sensitized to attack — remains unknown, which is why MS is considered by many experts to be "immune-mediated" rather than "autoimmune."
Etiology: Etiology of MS is still not known, scientists believe that the interaction of several different factors may be involved. To answer this important question, studies are ongoing in the areas of immunology (the science of the body’s immune system).
Epidemiology:
There are about 300,000 patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis in the North America
The age of onset peaks between 20 and 30 years; 70% of patients manifest symptoms between ages 21 and 40
Disease rarely occurs prior to 10 or after 60 years of age, however, patients as young as 3 and as old as 67 have been described
Females are affected more frequently than males (1.4 to 3.1 times a women than men affected)
Etiology: Primary
1. Immunologic
2. Genetic
3. Environmental
4.Infections
Etiology: Secondary
Sex
Age
ethnicity
Pathophysiology: Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS. In pathologic specimens, the demyelinating lesions of MS, called plaques, appear as indurated areas—hence the term sclerosis
Diagnosis:
Imaging tests, like an MRI
Spinal taps
Electrical tests
Blood tests
Manifestations:
Blurred or double vision
Thinking problems
Clumsiness or a lack of coordination
Loss of balance
Numbness
Tingling
Weakness in an arm or legs
I. Treatment: There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, slowing the progression of the disease and managing MS symptoms. Some people have such mild symptoms that no treatment is necessary. Although there's not yet a cure for MS, there are many effective medications
Ampyra (dalfampridine)
Imuran (azathioprine)
Cytoxan Therapy
Novantrone (mitoxantrone IV)
Natalizumab (Tysabri)
Potent IV steroids
Botulinum toxin (Botox)
Interferon beta drugs - similar to proteins produced naturally by the body
Baclofen
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
J. Complications:
Muscle weakness
Sensorineural hearing loss
Fasciculation