Kohlberg Teory on Moral Development
SKOP EXAM ETHIC & GORVENANCE- MR CYRILL H. PONNU
INTRO OF ALL THEORY
1. Ethical Issue:
a. Abuse of Power.
b. Integrity.
c. Accountability.
d. Responsibility.
e. Transparency.
f. Conflict of Interest.
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TEORI 1. KOHLBERG TEORY ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Born in Bronxville, New York in 1927. Educated in New York. Study Psychology at the University of Chicago - earned PH.D. Continued - Moral reasoning and development. Gathered info through surveys and responses. Came up with theory of moral development. Invigorating and considered life-changing – Psychology field.
2. Believe that moral reasoning passed thru different stage of thinking.Kohlberg not interested in whether the subject is YES or NO to this dilemma, but the REASONING BEHIND THE ANSWER.
3. The theories explain various stages people encounter in a life time.
4. Stage of Moral Deviation:
a. Level 1 - Pre-Conventional Moral Development (Sebelum)
(1) Stage 1- Heteronomous Morality. Mematuhi peraturan utk mengelak dikenakan hukuman. Sangat ambil tahu tentang akibat melanggar peraturan.
(2) Stage 2 – Individualistic. Peraturan diikuti kerana ia adalah penting untuk menjadi org baik/betul. Segala perbuatan dilakukan mesti adil kepada kebajikan org lain.
b. Level 2 - Conventional Moral Development (Sedang)
(1) Stage 3– Interpersonally Normative Morality. Rupa, personaliti adalah penting kerana perihatin dengan tanggapan org lain terhadap diri dan memberi moral kepada org lain.
(2) Stage 4– Social System Morality. Amat focus kepada aspek persamaan di dalam system sosial.
c. Level 3 - Post-Conventional Moral Development (selepas)
(1) Stage 5 – Human Right. Menilai setiap undang2 yang wujud.
(2) Stage 6 – Social Welfare Morality. Setiap keputusan yang dibuat adalah adil dan sesuai untuk semua.
TEORI 2. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
1. Intro:
2. Rujukan:
- Al quran
- Al hadith
- Sunnah
3. Tumpuan kepada:
a. Cara yang sah
b. keraguan
c. riba
d. tazkiyah - Permbersihan jiwa dan riba..cth bagi zakat, sedekah akan menambahkan rezeki.
4. Dipermudahkan:
Cth:
Babi – haram rujuk alquran
Boleh dalam darurat
5. Setiap ulasan: (ambil contoh perniagaan)
- Ada akad.
- Kepercayaan.
- Ketelusan.
TEORI 3. VIRTURE ETHIC – semua orang kena ikut jadi baik
1. Intro.
a. Virtue – Latin: Virtus, moral, excellence, positive traits that morally good.
2. Personal Virtue – Characteristic valued as promoting collective & individual greatness.
3. Virtue vs Vice
a. Aristotle – Greece Philosophy – 384 B.C – 322 B.C.