Terms

Pax Deorum – Manifest Destiny, Peace of Gods. Pact. Bad things god angry, good things god happy. But gods follow contracts. Appease gods. Pontifex maximus maintain peace between god and state. Peace of mind

Fasces- Symbol of Imperium. Bundle of rods tied by ribbon and 1 axe carried by lictors or bodyguards.

Imperium means absolute power and jurisdiction. As Rome grew larger, imperium extended to its territory which Rome had taken over. Extedned absolute power.

Axe inc in the rods, means strength through unity. Rods in bundle hard to break

Secessio Strike. A form of power excercised by pleians who simply leave the city and let the patrician to themselves. Strength in numbers since they majority of population. 449 BC, forced them to adopt 12 tablet which gave plebians more right in courts inc clear procedures.

Consulta

Hortensian Law 287BC Abolished Patrician class and plebeian class, only citizens. However class still remained due to money levels. Recognized plebeians assembly as a legislative body. Before, only patricians can practice legislation. Stripped senate veto power and gave assembly maximum power.

Gabinian Law 67 BC gave pompey power over all the mediterranean sea, 50 miles inalnd, massive army to deal with pirates. This gave pompey almost maximum power on all Roman provinces. This proved sulla's effort to stop one man becoming overpowring ineffective. Also this weakened senate as it can't stop power from going into one man's hand

Verres Corrupted governor of Scily which siphoned state fund for three years. Came back to Rome for court, and hired the most experienced lawyer to his aid. However is defeated by Cicero, who was appointed by the people of Scicily. Gave Cicero prominence.

Spartacus

Cataline Tried to overthrow the Roman Republic. Cicero's nemesis. Wanted to cancel debts. Lost two consul elections and was prosecuted by Cicero, who had became consul. Cicero exiled him at a senatorial meeting. Threw himself to rebellion with Manlius. However, his fellow conspirators acted too early and was put to death. He later fought to death despite no hope of victory. However many of poor view him as hero despite villification by Cicero. Although his methods were despised, his personality was well respected. Plotted a coup, surround himself with criminals

Proscriptions Public denoucenment of state enemies. First used by Sulla in 82 BC which he made a list of enemies at the forum. Stripped them of citizenship and money to reinforce treasury and eliminate eneimes. Method of elminating enemy and making money, as the process itself is corrupted and underoes no trial. Used later in the second Triumvirate.

Scipio Aemilianus A general who oversaw the final destruction of Carthage 146BC Ended third Punic War and was elected consul.

Fabius Maximus Became dictator when Hannbal invaded Italy Pen. Used scorched earth tactic to

delay Hannibal. Was no popular with Roman even though was effective

Zama Final battle of the Punic War. Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at this town. Carthage lost his sea but kept African terriorty, had to pay huge sum of money to Rome and lost its fleet. Gave Rome full power of the

Meditereranean sea.

Cirta Established Roman control in Africa, which then forced Hannibal back from Italia to help

Scipio Nasica Consul. Taken part in murder of Gracchus Chief of the senate. Elected Pontifex Maximus

Cannae Tired of scorched tatics by Fabius. Greatest defeat of Rome in Second Punic War. 8 legions of Romans were defeated by Hannibal who had a lot less in number. Rome had lost a great number of populace. Would no longer engage open warfare with Hannibal and instead go back to old tactics. Had to attack Africa to drive Hannibal back

Cato the Elder Elected consul and sensor, tried to uphold morality. Tried to bring Scipio Africanus down and also ejected Manilius from the senate. Optimates

Cursus Honorum Sequential