Tree Structure and Species Diversity in a Deciduous Forest

The deciduous forest can be found all over the globe. It is found primarily in eastern North America, middle Europe, southwest Russia, Japan, and China but smaller scale deciduous forests can also be found in southeastern Australia, southern South America, and New Zealand. We will be discussing North American deciduous forests found in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania.

The deciduous forest plays an important and diverse role in the United States. The deciduous forest is found in the eastern part of the United States, and is estimated to cover approximately 302 million hectares, which is approximately 33% of the land area of the United States. We harvest many of our renewable resources from these forests such as lumber, minerals, and water. The forest also provides us with a variety of recreational activities including fishing, hunting, and hiking.

North American deciduous forests are much less diverse in the number of tree and animal species in comparison to the biodiversity which is found within a tropical rain forest. Diversity may only range between 8-15 different tree species per hectare. Unlike tropical forests, where individuals of a particular species are thinly scattered, there are usually many individuals of the primary tree species in a given area in eastern deciduous forests. This biome can receive between 50-150 cm of annual precipitation. Precipitation primarily comes in the form of snow throughout the winter months. Deciduous forests experience four distinct weather seasons including spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The average temperature in temperate deciduous forests is roughly 75°F (24°C) but gets as high as 86°F (30°C), depending on the altitude of the forest. Forests higher in the mountains have cooler temperatures than lower altitude forests. With the exception of evergreens, in the autumn months, the deciduous forest is famous for putting on a dazzling display of color changing leaves. As the chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down, it causes them to change color into a variety of shades of reds, yellows, and oranges. During the winter months, these trees will lose all of their leaves, and will regenerate them come spring time. Common tree species found in the deciduous forests include a variety of oaks, hickories, maples, beeches, as well as conifers such as pines and hemlocks. Animal species have adapted to the winter season primarily by migration and hibernation. Most bird species will migrate south seeking warmer temperatures throughout the winter, while some mammals such as