Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

III. Systems Overview

Integumentary:   skin, nails, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands

-External covering

-protects

-excretes

-Regulates body temp.

-Sensory receptors

Endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries/testes, thymus gland, etc.

(Ductless)

-Communication via hormones

-Slower than the nervous system

Cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels

-transport/delivery system for gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes

-blood cells (RBCs, WBCs)

Lymphatic: lymph nodes and lymph vessels, spleen, thymus gland

-returns fluid back to blood

-cleans blood

-houses immune cells

Respiratory: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm

-Gas exchange:

     -O2/ CO2

Skeletal: bones, ligaments, cartilage,

-Supports (muscles to attach), protects

-Storage center-minerals (Ca, P)

-Body framework

-Blood cell production

Muscular:

-Movement

-provides heat

Reproductive:

M: scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

F: ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

-produce sex cells

-produce offspring

**Body systems are interconnected

IV. Homeostasis: maintain stable internal environment

Feedback systems: (ON TESTS, YOU NEED TO BE DETAILED W/ANSWER FEEDBACK QUESTIONS)

Negative: normal operating system in body

-results in shutting off effects of the stimulus (body to high or too low) and returning variable back to original value

(Variation outside normal limits triggers a response that corrects the situation)

-ex. Body temperature regulation

-ex. Blood glucose level regulation

Positive: unusual in human body

-results in pushing the variable farther away from original value

(Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces/enhances that stimulus)

-ex. Blood clotting

-ex. Childbirth

-ex. Fever

Parts of the Feedback loop:

1. Receptor

-Senor that responds to stimulus in environment

-Creates message that is sent to control center via afferent pathway

-Ex.  Thermo receptors

2.        Control Center: controls the level “set point”

-Determines response

-Message sent to effector via efferent pathway

-Ex. Hypothalamus (brain)

3. Effectors: carries out response of control center[pic 1]

-can be gland, muscle tissue, organs, etc.

-Ex. Sweat glands, blood vessels…

[pic 2]

[pic 3]

[pic 4]

[pic 5]

[pic 6]

V. The language of the anatomy

A. anatomical position: reference point

-body upright-arms hanging at side/ palms facing forward

-Feet together-toes facing forward

B. Directional terms:

Superior and inferior

Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

Medial and lateral

Proximal and distal

Superficial and deep

C. Body planes:

Sagittal plane:

-Lengthwise cut

-right and left sides

Frontal (coronal) plane:

-lengthwise cut

-anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane (cross section):

-divides body into superior and inferior parts

D. Body cavities:

1. Dorsal body cavity

-cranial cavity

-spinal cavity

1. Ventral body cavity

-thoracic cavity

-abdominopelvic cavity

Chemistry

1. Energy

A. Kinetic Energy:

        -doing work to move object

B.  Potential energy:

        -stored energy

**Forms of energy- all forms have capability of being Kinetic and potential energy

**One form can be converted into another, but energy in the form of heat is lost environment