Biology 10 Resource

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Biology 10 Notes/Resources: Justin Kim

Cell Theory and Cell Types

(Diagramming)

Cell Theory has 3 basic principles:

• All living things are made of cells (except viruses)
• All life functions (e.g. respiration) occurs within cells
• All cells come from previous cells via asexual or sexual reproduction

There are 2 types of cells:

• Prokaryotes: simple cells without nuclei (e.g. bacteria)
• Eukaryotes: more complex organelles with nuclei (e.g. skin cells)

1. As cells in multicellular organisms develop, they take on specific functions.
2. Each of these functions helps the organism stay alive, reproduce, and develop.
3. Each organism takes on a specific role in its environment. All organisms interact in their own biome.

Classification of Living Things:

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Microscopes*** Not important***

• Simple source: single lens to magnify, used for large things
• Dark Field: blocks direct light and illuminates from the side; allows a cell to be viewed from a black background
• Phase contrast: separates direct and scattered light from specimen; can be alive
• Polarized: light is filtered to allow only parallel rays; clear
• Compound: two lenses; max mag is 1000X
• Fluorescent UV light: uses UV light on specimen, causes organelle to glow

Electron Microscopes

• SEM (scanning electron): only image surfaces
• TEM (transmission electron): looks at slices of specimens
• STM (scanning tunneling): detect molecular shapes
• AFM (atomic force)

Note: AFM and STM are better resolution than other two

***GENE MAPPING

Nuclei of cells contain genetic material of cells.

• Hereditary information

Genetic material is made of DNA.

DNA is a string of many protein molecules lined up end to end in a double helix. Proteins are held by base pairs:

• Thymine (T)
• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Adenine (A)

Each strand contributes a sequence of bases. Can only be joined to a complementary base from the other strand.

Adenine – Thymine (A-T)

Guanine – Cytosine (G-C)

Groups of these base pairs are used as a code for sending messages to the cell and other cells. Called CODONS. *Each codon has THREE base pairs in it.

A group of codons together will send a specific message to the cell.

If a cell gets damaged and needs a new cell membrane, the DNA will instruct new molecules to form. Then the codons will act as a GENE.

GENE- group of codons along a strand

The sequence of genes in DNA is specific to the species.

Each species is said to have their own GENOTYPE.

Genotype is the genetic code that is passed from parent to offspring. NOTE: these are only internally coded characteristics, such as amino acid properties.

The strands of DNA are bunched together to form chromosomes. A chromosome is a linear thread that carries many genes.

During reproduction, all of the chromosomes in the nucleus are reproduced.

Strands and coil become visible.

In reproduction in humans, the normal number of chromosome pairs is 23.

Most of them are in an X-shape, but in males the 23rd pair is in Y shapes.

Each chromosome carries the hereditary traits to its offspring. OBVIOUS CHARACTERISTICS: Phenotypes.

Cell Reproduction:

Cells normally reproduce using mitosis. (form of binary fission)

Asexual cellular reproduction

One parent produces two daughters

(single celled, eukaryotes)

Stages of Mitosis

1. Interphase

-The preparation

-Cells divide into visible chromosomes

-(Exact copy)