Criminology

Criminology

1) The world report on violence shows that over 1.6 million people are killed yearly and millions more are injured. It also shows that youth homicide is on the rise and that large percentages of children are sexually coerced(46% of women and 20% of men).

2) Expressive violence includes acts of rage, anger, and frustration whereas Instrumental violence is done to improve financial or social position. Some causes of violence can be inherited physical or psychological abnormalities, the actions are accepted socially in subcultures, depression, impulse, or exposure to violence regularly. Subcultures tend to accept violence as a form of resolution as well as accepting the presence of fire arms. According to the UCR 2/3 of murders involve firearms and they are present in 2/5 of robberies.

3) Rape is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. This was actually an accepted act in some societies un the Middle Ages and under feudal law where women were seen as property. On the other hand it was punishable by death in societies such as ancient Babylonia.

Rape can be spontaneous, planned, or personal and can be driven by anger, power or sadism(anger being predominate). The three major types are Date rape, Marital Rape and Statutory Rape. Some causes of this crime have been connected to evolution, aggression, and desire. It is also connected to Psychological problems, social learning models(seeing aggressive behavior), and motivated by young, attractive victims. The Law has difficulties proving rape because of the burden of proof women face when proving they said “no” and did not just regret the act afterwards or was not claiming rape because of jealousy or relationship issues. This is less of a problem in aggravated rapes where physical abuse can be evident. To protect women with promiscuous histories from being labeled, they have come up with “shield laws” to prevent the release of her past.

4) Murder is the unlawful killing with malice aforethought. 1sr degree is deliberate and premeditated, whereas 2nd is not deliberate, but still had malice aforethought. Without malice aforethought, it is manslaughter. Murder peaked in 1980 at 10.2 per 100,000 and has declined to 5.7 per 100,000 in 2002. It is also prevalent in larger cities of 100,000 people or more, and even more common in 1 million+ populations. Murders between strangers are often part of other felonies such as robbery and murder between acquaintances is usually an act of revenge, jealousy or dispute. A study showed 220 school murders between 1994-1999 , most(202) of which were single victim killings. These were often premeditated but still a small percent (.068 per 100,000) of murders. Serial murders are more than one murder over time and some serial killers,, such as Ted Bundy, were mass