Oxides Research

full version

Oxides Research

Category: Science

Autor: back_up 09 February 2010

Words: 2792 | Pages: 12

There are ABSOLUTELY no membership fees at EssaysForStudent.com.

We simply request that you donate one paper to the site.

Your account will be activated immediately.

----------------

EssaysForStudent.com is one of the most comprehensive databases of essays, term papers, and book reports on the internet.

— Get instant access to over 210,000 papers.

----------------

Oxides Research

1. Assess evidence, which indicates increases in atmospheric concentration of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.

Thorough collection of data, surveys, and tests from the 1950's indicate a rising trend in atmospheric concentrations of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. An enhancement in funding, technological and information resources, has led to wider and more detailed analyses of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen concentrations, and as the diagrams indicate (see diagrams) there is a clear rise in these oxides.

Unfortunately, comprehensive statistics of various gases in the atmosphere only dates back to 50 years ago, therefore reducing numerical evidence available to scientists. However, complementary events, which have increased in regularity and severity, provide indirect evidence, which the increasing atmospheric concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur.

These indicators include:

· Mt Kilauea, Hawaii; released 350 000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide, annually since 1986

· Mt Pinatubo, Philippines; Spewed out 15-20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide.

· Pea-Soup Fog, London; 4000 lives claimed due to fog, high in sulfur and other toxic chemicals concentration (0.4ppm). Caused by burning of coal, with high sulfur concentrations.

· High levels of nitrogen have contributed in increase of acid rain events.

· Nitrogen dioxide has been directly linked with the formation of photochemical smog

The increasing concentration of oxides of nitrogen can be more easily identified through the effects of acid rain. (as nitrogen oxides contribute heavily in the formation of acid rain, therefore an increase in regularity and severity of acid rain events, can be directly linked to large quantities of nitrogen oxides :

· Formation of precipitation such as fog and snow, with a pH of below 5.6.

· Effect on vegetation, in acid rain effected regions (see acid rain)

· Effect on the low buffering fresh water waterways.

· Acidic pH levels in soil.

· Deterioration of buildings and monuments.

Of course, these are just a few of the general indicators of acid rain (i.e. nitrogen oxides) and must be further investigated by scientists to confirm, their origins and use as evidence to support the increasing concentrations of nitrogen oxides.

Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

In most large cities the annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 is about 0.01 ppm each. This is 10 times the value for clean air, but it is not harmful.

Since the industrial revolution (early 1800s), SO2 emissions increased greatly due to the burning of coal (luckily Australian coal has a low percentage of sulfur 0.5%- 6%) unlike China etc. Air quality has decreased, indicated by nasty pollution events.

The fitting of gas absorbers onto factory flues helped to curb such emissions. But because SO2 and NO2 are washed out of the atmosphere by rain, there appears to not have been any significant build-up of their concentrations over the last century (unlike CO2 and 30% increase and NO, which has increased by an even greater percentage).

However, it is difficult to be sure about SO2 and NO2 because there is a lack of reliable data prior to 1950. It