Ramses II

Egypt is located in northeastern of Africa along the river Nile, an ancient civilization flourished long before the Roman Empire but ultimately faded from importance after thousands of years. The Ancient Egypt Civilization prospered near the Nile River due to the natural factors combined. Egypt usually has cloudless sky and the Sun almost always shone, consistently providing heat and light.1 The Nile River served as a water highway for the people and the constant source of life-giving water. And since there are seasonal rains in Africa every year, the Nile River overflows the banks of Egypt, after the water had receded; a rich black soil covers the floodplain. Enabling the Egyptians to cultivate and develop a successful economy based on agriculture. In addition, natural barriers provide good protection from hostile attacks.

The Ancient Egyptians were very sophisticated and creative. They produced a vast body of written records, including ethical and moralistic treatises, instructional texts, religious and magical scrolls, reminiscent love poetry, epic stories and tales. They also possessed the understanding of mathematics and the principles of architecture enabling them to construct large stone buildings. The villages and town were mostly located near the Nile for the reason that it is the chief highway for transportation.2 Houses back then were built using mud brick and the walls are richly colored. Windows were small and have high openings covered usually by matting. The most fashionable district back then was more often located near the palace. Even so, the houses were built close together in order to save space for farmlands.

The Upper-class Egyptians spent most of their time grooming themselves. They bathed with soda instead of soap and rubbed oil onto their skin. Men cut their hair short and wore wigs or added false braids onto their hair.3 Both men and women wore make-ups. They darken their eyelids with black or green paints. Women however, rouged their cheeks and lips and stained their nails with henna. The luxurious life of the pharaoh and the noble men were made possible by the continual labor of the peasants. Peasants usually work on farms, cultivating the land and harvesting the crops. After their job in the farm, the pharaoh regularly calls the peasants to go off to labor on the irrigation system, quarry stones or to built tombs and temples. They’re only pay for the job were grains, clothes, oil, fish and vegetables.4 The craftsman and artists, however, have a better life. They work near the palace or near the noblemen and priests. Their work is never hurried and their job is hereditary. The craftsmen made weapons, tools, tableware, jewelry, etc. Potters turned clay into furnaces as tall as a man and some other cooking utensils and decorative pots. Women wove fabrics for clothing and tapestries and awnings to decorate the house.

Egyptians are pagans. They worship a lot of gods and goddesses of different nature. But the most significant gods are Ra (the sun-god), Horus (the sky-god) and Osris (the god of the dead). Each town has its own “town-god”. And if a town grew in influence, the “town-god” becomes more important too. They worship the “town-god” as part of the allegiance to the town. Occasionally, people combine their worship of the town-god and that of Ra especially when the town is very progressive.5

The love for Architecture led the pharaohs into competing as to who would be able to build the most magnificent temples, pyramids, tombs, statues, etc. As a result and as a fact, two of the Seven Wonders of the World is found in Egypt: the pyramids at Giza and the lighthouse at Alexandria. Egyptians think that death is just a chapter of a person’s life. They give much importance on their tomb to the extent that they furnish it with expensive things and decorate it magnificently. Temples in honor of their gods and goddesses were also built skillfully and could be found everywhere in Egypt. In this locale, a lot of paintings, scrolls, artifacts, sculptures, etc are found. It was said that the priests back then perform magic to heal and cast spells inside the temples as to protect the riches buried within it including the mummy.

Before the Middle Kingdom, the civil and the military were not distinguished. Military forces consisted of local militants under their own officials and some included foreigners, and nonmilitary expeditions to dig out minerals from the desert or to transport heavy loads through the country were organized in similar fashion. Not until the New Kingdom there was no separate priesthood. Holders of civil office also had priestly titles, and priests had civil titles.6 Often priesthoods’ chief significance was the income they brought. The same was true of the minor civil titles accumulated by high officials. At a lower level, minor priesthoods were held on a rotating