Sleep

REM and NREM sleep (REM- Rapid Eye Movement)

Two types of sleep: NREM &REM (occurs appx. every 90 min.)

Stage 4- deepest sleep with 50% or more delta (slow) waves; sleepwalking and sleep terrors can occur during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep

Narcolepsy- serious sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep.

Sleep Apnea- sleep disorder characterized by periods when breathing stops during sleep, and the person must awaken briefly in order to breathe; major symptoms are excessive daytime sleepiness and loud snoring.

REM rebound- an increase in the proportion of REM sleep following REM deprivation

Suggested benefits of REM sleep:

Learning motor skills,

Maintenance of mood and emotion,

Storing memories

Intellectual activities or Emotional stress may increase the need for REM sleep,

whereas physical tiredness may increase the need for deep sleep. -NREM

Sleep deprivation has been linked to declines in alertness, memory, cognitive performance, and decision- making.

In general chemical agents *drugs) decrease REM sleep.

REM dreams: dramatic and vivid content.

With lucid dreams people are aware that they are dreaming.

Some dreaming takes place during NREM sleep; these dreams are less likely to contain dramatic story content; they are full of specific thoughts but have little sensory imagery.

Hypnosis: procedure which produces a state of heightened suggestibility or susceptibility to outside influence; can be used for pain reduction (chronic or single episode, natural childbirth, pulling teeth, some types of cancer treatment), in quitting smoking, and in losing weight.

Hypnotic susceptibility is at maximum during pre- teen years

Post hypnotic suggestion: a suggestion given during hypnosis that is to be acted upon when the person is no longer hypnotized.

Meditation: an altered state of consciousness induced by a refocusing of attention; suggested benefits: lessened irritability; improvement in low-grade, chronic depression; greater self-assertion; improved problem solving abilities; and improved stress management.

Psychoactive drugs: interact with the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, and behavior.

Tolerance- increasingly larger doses of a drug are required in order to achieve the same effect

Addiction (Physical Dependence)- actually requiring the drug in one's body and suffering painful withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not present.

1. Stimulants energize the central nervous system.

2. Depressants reduce or depress the activity of the central nervous system

3. Hallucinogens produce delusions and alter one's perception of time and space.

CHAPTERS 6(13)

Classical Conditioning

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response.

Pavlov's and Watson's experiments- CS, US, UR, CR

3 important variables:

1. contiguity,

2. frequent pairings,

3. magnitude of unconditioned stimulus (US)

Acquisition: