Thomas Hobbes

A covenant is a contracted agreement in which it is trusted that both persons will carry out their responsibility in time. This can be referred to as the keeping of a promise. "The mutual transferring of right, is that which men call CONTRACT." This means that when you exchange something in return for something else you are binding yourself to the agreement of the exchange. "One of the contractors, may deliver the thing contracted for on his part, and leave the other to perform his part at some determinate time after, and in the mean time be trusted; and then the contract on his part, is called PACT or COVENANT." When a person agrees to do something at a time in the future for someone or to someone they are being trusted to follow through, therefore giving their trusted word, making a promise. "To promise that which is known to be impossible, is no covenant." Therefore, a person cannot be bound to a promise that requires an impossible thing to be accomplished. According to Hobbes, there are two ways in which a person can be freed from a covenant, "by performing; or by being forgiven." "What I lawfully covenant, I cannot lawfully break." Hobbes explains that no matter what the circumstances, even "covenants entered into by fear, in the condition of mere nature, are obligatory."5 Who breaks a covenant? Does a covenant become void if it seems to have a beneficial outcome on a party involved? Hobbes states that only one person reasons that the breaking of a covenant can be beneficial to ones life and that the reasoning that this person uses is false. Hobbes calls this unreasonable character "the fool." To understand why Hobbes believes that the person who believes breaking a covenant could be to one's benefit is a fool, we must understand his definition of justice. "Justice is the constant will of giving to every man his own." Meaning that justice is the established idea that you get what you deserve. When there is no own, there is no unjustice. Justice can be idealized as the "keeping of covenant, a rule of reason, by which we are forbidden to do any thing destructive to our life; and consequently a law of nature." Who is the fool? How does he reason that it is sometimes beneficial to break a promise? "The fool hath said in his heart, there is no such thing as justice; and sometimes with his tongue; seriously alleging, that every man's conservation, and contentment, being committed to his own care, there could be no reason, why every man might not do what he thought conduce thereunto: and therefore also to make, or not make; keep, or not keep covenants, was not against reason, when it conduced to one's benefit." The fool believes that as long as it is beneficial to you in some way it is okay to break a promise. Hobbes finds that the fool's reasoning is false for two reasons with two consequences. The first reason he suggests is that nothing that seems to be accidentally beneficial still "tends to" one's destruction, even if done reasonably. "Seeing all the voluntary actions of men tend to the benefit of themselves; and those actions are most reasonable, that conduce most to their ends. This specious reasoning is nevertheless false." Hobbes feels that although there is a slight possibility that the breaking of a covenant could be beneficial to one's self, the chances are not in that person's favor, therefore making it a risk not worth taking. Secondly Hobbes explains that in a state of nature, a known deceiver is not welcome amongst a confederation or nor accepted due to the lack of trust established.